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Tax Patterns for State Returns
Resident Returns
States that have an individual income tax follow one of four basic patterns for calculating tax liability on income tax returns for residents.
1) Federal AGI. The first, and most common, pattern is for the state return to begin with federal AGI and then modify federal income by state-specific additions and subtractions. State returns within the federal AGI category may allow:
• A deduction for standard or itemized deductions,
• A deduction for personal exemptions, and/or
• A credit for personal exemptions.
2) Federal taxable income. State returns in the federal taxable income category begin with federal taxable income so the standard or itemized deduction and the deduction for personal exemptions have already been included. Federal income is then modified by state specific additions and subtractions.
3) State-defined income. A number of state returns do not use a federal starting point; income is included and excluded based on state law.State returns within the state-defined income category may allow:
• A deduction for standard or itemized deductions,
• A deduction for personal exemptions, and/or
• A credit for personal exemptions.
4) Interest/dividend income only. New Hampshire and Tennessee tax only interest and dividend income. Both states allow a deduction for personal exemptions.
No individual income tax. Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota,Texas, Washington and Wyoming do not have an individual income tax.
Part-Year Resident Returns
States follow one of two basic patterns for calculating tax liability on income tax returns for part-year residents. These are broad classifications to allow an overview of the general calculation methods used by
states. The specific calculation method used by each state is provided in each state’s instruction booklet.
1) Determine items of AGI received while a resident. Part-year residents determine items of AGI received while a resident. Deductions and exemptions, if available, are then prorated by a ratio of income
received while a resident to total income. Taxable income is calculated by subtracting prorated deductions and exemptions from AGI received while a resident.
2) Prorate tax calculated as if a full-year resident. Part-year residents calculate tax as if a full-year resident and then prorate the tax by a ratio of income received while a resident to total income.
Nonresident Returns
States follow one of two basic patterns for calculating tax liability on income tax returns for nonresidents. These are broad classifications to allow an overview of the general calculation methods used by states.
The specific calculation method used by each state is provided in the state section of the publication.
1) Determine state-source AGI. Nonresidents determine state-source AGI based on income that is derived from or connected with state sources. Deductions and exemptions, if available, are then prorated
by a ratio of income received while a resident to total income. Taxable income is calculated by subtracting prorated deductions and exemptions from state-source AGI.
2) Prorate tax calculated as if a full-year resident. Nonresidents calculate tax as if a full-year resident and then prorate the tax by a ratio of state-source income to total income.
Military Spouses Residency Relief Act
This act amends the Service members Civil Relief Act to prohibit a service member’s spouse from either losing or acquiring a residence or domicile for purposes of taxation because of being absent or present
in any U.S. tax jurisdiction solely to be with the service member in compliance with the service member’s military orders if the residence or domicile is the same for the service member and the spouse. The act
prohibits a spouse’s income from being considered income earned in a tax jurisdiction if the spouse is not a resident or domiciliary of such jurisdiction when the spouse is in that jurisdiction solely to be with a
service member serving under military orders. The act also suspends land rights residency requirements for spouses accompanying service members serving under military orders.
States With Reciprocal Agreements
District of Columbia. Nonresidents are not required to file a DC return.
Illinois. Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, and Wisconsin residents are required to file only if they received Illinois-source income other than compensation for services or request a refund of Illinois taxes withheld. Illinois
residents working in these states report compensation on Form IL-1040.
Indiana. Full-year residents of Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, or Wisconsin, whose only income from Indiana is from wages, salaries, tips,or commissions, must file Form IT-40RNR, Indiana Reciprocal Nonresident Individual Income Tax Return.
Iowa. Iowa residents with Illinois wage income are only subject to tax in Iowa. Illinois residents with Iowa wage income only are only subject to tax in Illinois.
Kentucky. Kentucky has agreements with the states in the table below.Taxpayers are taxed by their state of residence on income covered by the agreement and not by the state where income is earned. Individuals
who live in Kentucky for 183 days or more during the year are taxed as residents and reciprocity does not apply.
State Types of Exemptions
Illinois, West Virginia Wages and salaries.
Indiana Wages, salaries, and commissions.
Michigan, Wisconsin Income from personal services (including salaries and wages).
Ohio Wages and salaries (unless paid by S corporations to 20% or greater direct or indirect equity investors).
Virginia Salaries and wages of daily commuters.
Maryland. Maryland has reciprocal agreements with District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Taxpayers who are residents of these states are not required to file a Maryland return if their only Maryland income is from wages and salaries.
Michigan. Residents of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin are only required to file MI-1040 if Michigan income from sources other than wages is received or to request a refund of Michigan
withholding.
Minnesota. Minnesota has reciprocal agreements with Michigan and North Dakota. Residents of those states are not subject to Minnesota income tax if:
• The taxpayer was a full-year resident of Michigan or North Dakota who
returned to his or her home state at least once a month, and
• The taxpayer’s only Minnesota income was from the performance of
personal services (wages, salaries, tips, commissions, bonuses).
Montana. Residents of North Dakota are not required to file a Montana return if the only source of Montana income is wages.
New Jersey. Compensation paid to Pennsylvania residents employed in New Jersey is not subject to New Jersey income tax.
North Dakota. North Dakota has reciprocal agreements with Minnesota and Montana.
• Minnesota residents do not have to file a North Dakota return if the only gross income from North Dakota sources is compensation for personal or professional services and the individual returned home to Minnesota
at least once each month during the time spent working in North Dakota.
• Montana residents do not have to file a North Dakota return if the only gross income from North Dakota sources is wages.
Ohio. A full-year nonresident living in the border states of Indiana, Kentucky,West Virginia, Michigan, or Pennsylvania does not need to file an Ohio return if the nonresident’s only Ohio-source income is from wages.
Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania has agreements with Indiana, Maryland,New Jersey, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. Generally, one state will not tax a resident of the other state on compensation that is subject to
employer withholding.
Virginia. The exception for certain nonresidents of Kentucky, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia applies only to salaries and wages.
Kentucky and the District of Columbia. If the taxpayer is a resident of Kentucky or the District of Columbia and commutes daily to work in Virginia, he or she is not required to file a Form 763, Nonresident Return, provided that:
1) The taxpayer had no actual place of abode in Virginia at any time
during the taxable year,
2) The only income from Virginia sources is salaries and wages, and
3) The taxpayer’s salaries and wages are subject to income taxation by Kentucky or the District of Columbia.
Maryland, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. If the taxpayer is a resident of Maryland, Pennsylvania, or West Virginia, and earns salaries and wages in Virginia, the taxpayer does not have to file a Form 763, Nonresident Return, provided that:
1) The only income from Virginia sources is salaries and wages, and
2) The taxpayer’s salaries and wages are subject to taxation by Maryland,Pennsylvania, or West Virginia.
West Virginia. Full-year residents of Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania or Virginia, whose only source of West Virginia income is from wages and salaries can claim a refund for tax withheld from wages.
Wisconsin. Wisconsin does not tax wages and other personal service income of residents of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, or Michigan. A resident of one of these states whose only income from Wisconsin is wages is
not required to file a return, unless the return is to claim a refund for tax withheld in error.
Please contact the Sarasota CPAs at Sterling Tax & Accounting for more information!